Trends in AI ethics before and after ChatGPT

Computational systems demonstrating logic, reasoning, and understanding of verbal, written, and visual inputs have been around for decades. But development has sped up in recent years with work on so-called generative AI by companies such as OpenAI, Google, and Microsoft.

When OpenAI announced the launch of its generative AI chatbot ChatGPT in 2022, the system quickly gained more than 100 million users, earning it the fastest adoption rate [1] of any piece of computer software in history.

With the rise of AI, many are embracing the technology's possibilities for facilitating decision-making, speeding up information gathering, reducing human error in repetitive tasks, and enabling 24-7 availability for various tasks. But ethical concerns are also growing. Private companies are behind much of the development of AI, and for competitive reasons, they're opaque about the algorithms they use in developing these tools. The systems make decisions based on the data they're fed, but where that data comes from isn't necessarily shared with the public.

Users don't always know if they're using AI-based products, nor if their personal information is being used to train AI tools. Some worry that data could be biased and lead to discrimination, disinformation, and—in the case of AI-based software in automobiles and other machinery, accidents and deaths.

The federal government is on its way to establishing regulatory powers to oversee AI development in the U.S. to help address these concerns. The 

 recommends companies and government agencies create Chief Responsible AI Officer roles, whose occupants would be encouraged to enforce a so-called 

. The committee, established through a 2020 law, also recommended embedding AI-focused leadership in every government agency.

In the meantime, an independent organization called AIAAIC has taken up the torch in making AI-related issues more transparent. 

, an SEC- regulated AI investing platform, analyzed ethics complaints collected by 

 regarding artificial intelligence dating back to 2012 to see how concerns about AI have grown over the last decade. Complaints originate from media reports and submissions reviewed by the AIAAIC.

A significant chunk of the public struggles to understand AI and fears its implications

Many consumers are aware when they're interacting with AI-powered technology, such as when they ask a chatbot questions or get shopping recommendations based on past purchases. However, they're less aware of how widespread these technologies have become.

When Pew Research surveyed [2] Americans in December 2022 and asked if they knew about six specific examples of how AI is used, only 3 in 10 adults knew all of them. This includes understanding how AI works with email services and organizing your inbox, how wearable fitness trackers utilize AI, and how security cameras might recognize faces. This low understanding of how AI manifests in daily life contributes to Americans' attitudes toward this technology. Pew found that 38% of Americans are more concerned than excited about the increase of AI. Despite some Americans’ unease about A.I., others are looking at ways to use the technology to improve key aspects of their lives such as their income. In a survey from March 2023, Magnifi found that 41 percent of respondents would make an investment decision based on guidance from AI [3] like ChatGPT.

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As AI works its way into consumer tech, concerns grow to a fever pitch

Concerns about AI initially focused on social media companies and their algorithms—like the 2014 Facebook study when the company's researchers manipulated 700,000 users' feeds without their knowledge, or algorithms spreading disinformation and propaganda during the 2020 presidential election.

The viral adoption of ChatGPT and multimedia creation tools in the last year have fueled concerns about AI's effects on society, particularly in increasing plagiarism, racism, sexism, bias, and proliferation of inaccurate data.

In September 2022, an AIAAIC complaint [4] against Upstart, a consumer lending company that used AI, cited racial discrimination in determining loan recipients. Other complaints focus on a lack of ethics used in training AI tools.

In June 2023, Adobe users and contributors filed an AIAAIC complaint [5] about Adobe's Firefly AI art generator, saying the company was unethical when it failed to inform them it used their images to train Firefly.

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Government, technology, and media emerge as leading industries of concern

While the AIAAIC data set is imperfect and subjective, it's among the few sources to track ethical concerns with AI tools. Many of the government agencies that have embraced AI—particularly law enforcement—have found themselves on the receiving end of public complaints. Incidents such as facial recognition technology caused wrongful arrests [6] in Louisiana, for example, and a quickly scrapped 2022 San Francisco Police Department policy [7] that would allow remote-controlled robots to kill suspects.

Not surprisingly, many citizens and organizations have concerns about technology companies' use of AI in the rise of chatbots. Some involving ChatGPT and Google Bard [8] center around plagiarism and inaccurate information [9], which can reflect poorly on individuals and companies and spread misinformation.

The automotive industry is another sector where major players like Tesla leverage AI in their sprint toward autonomous vehicles. Tesla's Autopilot software is the subject of much scrutiny, with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reporting the software has been connected with 736 crashes and 17 fatalities since 2019 [10].

The optimistic case for AI's future is rooted in the potential for scientific, medical, and educational advancements

As the federal government works toward legislation that establishes clearer regulatory powers to oversee AI development in the U.S. and ensure accountability, many industries ranging from agriculture and manufacturing to banking and marketing are poised to see major transformations.

The health care sector is one field gaining attention for how AI changes may significantly improve health outcomes and advance human society. The 2022 release of a technology that can predict protein shapes [11] is helping medical researchers better understand diseases, for example. AI can help pharmaceutical companies create new medications faster and more cheaply through more rapid data analysis [12] in the search for potential new drug molecules.

AI has the potential to benefit the lives of millions of patients as it fuels the expansion of telemedicine and has the potential to aid in expanding access to health care; assist with diagnosis, treatment, and management of chronic conditions; and help more people age at home while potentially lowering costs.

Scientists also see potential for creating new understandings by leveraging AI's ability to crunch data and speed up scientific discovery. One example is Earth-2 [13], a project that uses an AI weather prediction tool to forecast extreme weather events better and help people better prepare for them. Even in education, experts believe AI tools could improve learning accessibility [14] to underserved communities and help develop more personalized learning experiences.

Recent research from Magnifi showed that 57% of investors expect AI to speed up their research [15] and their analysis of market trends and data. According to Insider Intelligence’s AI in Banking report [16], 80% of banks are “highly aware of the potential benefits presented by AI.” Among the chief reasons for this is AI’s ability to analyze large amounts of data and provide hyper-personalized recommendations.

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https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/02/chatgpt-sets-record-for-fastest-growing-user-base-in-history-report-says/

https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2023/02/15/public-awareness-of-artificial-intelligence-in-everyday-activities/

https://magnifi.com/learn/state-of-personal-investing-q1-2023 

https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/upstart-consumer-lending-racial-discrimination

https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/adobe-firefly-ai-art-generator

https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/louisiana-police-randall-reid-wrongful-arrest-jailing

https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/san-francisco-police-killer-robots

https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/google-bard-chatbot

https://www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/ai-overwhelms-stack-overflow-content-moderation

https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a44185487/report-tesla-autopilot-crashes-since-2019/

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/28/science/ai-deepmind-proteins.html

https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/15/1067904/ai-automation-drug-development/

https://www.govtech.com/education/higher-ed/opinion-ai-will-change-how-universities-do-scientific-research

https://magnifi.com/learn/state-of-personal-investing-q1-2023

https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-in-banking-report

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Data reporting by Dom DiFurio. Story editing by Jeff Inglis. Copy editing by Kristen Wegrzyn.

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